During the 21st century our country and our planet as a...

During the 21st century our country and our planet as a whole is in energy crisis. We have used too many oils and fossil fuel that our non-renewable resources are running out. Oil is limited and is at outrageous prices, this result is making our economy suffering. With fossil fuel and oil as the main source of energy the people of this planet need to start looking for an alternative energy source because our fossil fuel will not last forever and fossil fuel also polluted our planet. This is where a renewable energy comes in. I will start talking about one of the oldest renewable energy know to man, one of the many renewable energy we have today are Geothermal Energy. Geothermal energy is one of the many different ways we can preserve our†¦show more content†¦Geologist who have studied geothermal energy uses the sonar, heat ray and satellite imagery to determine where are most of the geothermal activity going on. They still have to be careful to dig underground to find the pe rfect heat and water to build their power plant. There are four main kinds of geothermal resources; they are hydrothermal, Geo pressured, hot dry rock and magma. The most common use is the hydrothermal resource. Hydrothermal resources have a common ingredient of water and heat. This geothermal reservoir of steam or hot water occur naturally were magma comes close enough to the surface to heat the ground. Water circulates at great depth along the faults. Hydrothermal resources are used for many different energy purposes depending on the temperature. When low temperature occurs, it is a direct use for heating. The other kinds are the high temperature it produce electricity. When temperature of geothermal energy occurs around 104.444 Celsius it can used to generate electricity. Geothermal power in Australia is not much but it is still growing process, just like the rest of the world. There are a known and potential location nears the center of Australia that can be used to for geotherm al power plant. The earth is hotbed of geothermal energy. The most active geothermal resource is usually found near major earthquakes and volcanoes. One of the places where geothermal is generally produce is Iceland, according toShow MoreRelatedClimate Change : Urgent Issue2066 Words   |  9 Pagessinging Native American songs describing how â€Å"the Earth is our mother, we must take care of her.† The rising issue of global warming, scientifically known as climate change, is slowly becoming a worldwide epidemic that only 53% of Americans are even worried about, according to a 2014 survey by the IPCC. The definition of climate change is a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levelsRead MoreScience and Technology13908 Words   |  56 Pagesa Culture of Peace and a sustainable future, such as Respect for life, Caring for our planet, Learning to live together, and The role of media and ICT in building a peaceful world. The theme of the 2009 International Essay Contest for Young People was The role of science in building a better world. Scientific progress has brought many benefits to humanity, while some applications of science have had adverse impacts. Young people were invited to express their vision for the futureRead MoreThe History of Alternative Fuels4288 Words   |  18 Pagesethanol and methanol, have been produced and used on a small scale for decades. They are now being rediscovered due to the rising cost of oil and the instability of world politics. The discovery of these fuels changed the face of the planet, but since day one people have looked for other fuels that improved over the course of history. Alternative fuel vehicles have a long history, beginning with, Henry Ford. Ford was a conservationist who preferred harnessing nature as an energy source and usingRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 PagesC. 20402 Foreword Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is growing. By drastically changing our means of communication, the way we work, our housing, clothes, and food, our methods of transportation, and, indeed, even the length and quality of life itself, science has generated changes in the moral values and basic philosophies of mankind. Beginning with the plow, science has changed how we live and what we believe. By making life easier, science has givenRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 Pages D.C. 20402 Foreword Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is growing. By drastically changing our means of communication, the way we work, our housing, clothes, and food, our methods of transportation, and, indeed, even the length and quality of life itself, science has generated changes in the moral values and basic philosophies of mankind. Beginning with the plow, science has changed how we live and what we believe. By making life easier, science has givenRead MoreEnvironmental Degradation9511 Words   |  39 Pagesdeterioration of water because nowadays the fresh water resources in the earth are getting depleted and when calculated approximately around only two and half percent of water is fresh water in the whole earth. The rest is the oceanic water which is salty in nature.Another study states that almost 70% of the whole water present on earth is in solid state i.e they are in form of ice in the polar regions like antartica and Greenland. The water available for human consumption is very meager like its just thirtyRead MoreThe Sustainable Century By Design Or Disaster9705 Words   |  39 Pages The Sustainable Century by Design or Disaster Priorities, Strategies, Tactics Musings for More Better Corporate Sustainability in a Global Economyi Copyright @ 2015 by Marc de Sousa-Shields All rights reserved. In accordance with the US Copy Right Act of 1976, the scanning, uploading, and electronic sharing of any part of this book without the permission of Marc de Sousa Shields and or the publisher constitutions unlawful piracy and theft of the author’s intellectual property. If you wouldRead MoreThe Sustainable Century By Design Or Disaster9705 Words   |  39 Pages The Sustainable Century by Design or Disaster Priorities, Strategies, Tactics Musings for More Better Corporate Sustainability in a Global Economyi Copyright @ 2015 by Marc de Sousa-Shields All rights reserved. In accordance with the US Copy Right Act of 1976, the scanning, uploading, and electronic sharing of any part of this book without the permission of Marc de Sousa Shields and or the publisher constitutions unlawful piracy and theft of the author’s intellectual property. If you wouldRead MoreGlobalization and Its Impact on Malaysia13672 Words   |  55 PagesKorten It has been said that arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws of gravity. Kofi Annan People have accused me of being in favor of globalization. This is equivalent to accusing me of being in favor of the sun rising in the morning. Clare Short This is a basic requirement the meaning of globalization is that we should admit that the economy of each country is dependent on the economy of all the others. Richard Grasso Read more:http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/globalization_3Read MoreHow Global Economic Environment Is Affecting International Marketers?11351 Words   |  46 Pagesvillage. The truth is, we are going through the most severe global financial crisis since the days of Great Depression. Originated in USA, economic recession is affecting all the major players of world economy. Governments and major policy makers of world economy have taken notice of the urgency of the situation and frantic steps are undertaken to stem the rot. At the core of the term ‘recession’, spirals of several financial mistakes are intermingled. Many global opportunities have arisen because of

Agency Theory And The Separation Of Ownership Between...

Agency Theory describes the incentives problems between agents and in a business and the business principals and the separation of ownership between suppliers of capital within a firm (Morris,1987). Agency theory is also concerned with undertaking problems that can exist in the agency relationships due to irregular goals, different aversion levels of risk and decision making with control functions in the firm (Morris, 1987). Agency Theory demonstrates that the precipitate will incur agency cost, which then has an incentive to reduce. The cost of agency is, to decline in a firm’s value when the shareholder managers when pursuing the shareholder interest, particularly when the managers act incompetently or they do not have a to choose a project, making a profit to the shareholders, lastly the cost of monitoring and bonding managers so in the end they share an interest with the shareholders (Morris, 1987). Agency theory is the separation of ownership and the resources thatâ€℠¢s being controlled to explain the accounting choices within firms. Enron, was the world’s largest energy company in 2001. Enron forerunner, Northern Gas Company was incorporated in Delaware on April 25, 1930. From this date through July 1985, Enron had hundreds of purchases and new sub-entity constructions when they acquired Houston Natural Gas Inc. (Kastantin, 2005). On April 10, 1986, the company changed its name to Enron Corporation. Enron was an interstate and intrastate natural gas pipeline company,Show MoreRelatedCompeting Models Of Corporate Governance1398 Words   |  6 Pagesthe stakeholder model of corporate governance, firms owned and controlled by small number of major shareholders. This model of corporate governance often called as the relationship based method due to the close relationship maintained between companies and their major shareholders. This close relationship, little separation of ownership and control minimises the agency problem. However, as a re sult of the minimum separation of ownership and control, firms would experience misuse of power by dominantRead MoreFinancial Managers Need Only Concentrate on Meeting the Needs of Shareholders - No Other Group Matters1856 Words   |  8 PagesRatios: Profitability 6-8 Liquidity 8-9 Investment 9-10 Conclusion 10 Bibliography 11 Appendix 1 12 A shareholder is someone that legally owns one or more share of stock in a company. The objective of the firm is to maximize shareholder value by increasing the value of the company’s stock. Although other potentials exist, such as survival, maximizing market share, maximizing profits and so on, these are co-insistent with maximizing shareholder value. TheRead MoreThe Effects of Ownership Structure, Board Effectiveness and Managerial Discretion on Performance of Listed Companies in Kenya27922 Words   |  112 PagesTHE EFFECTS OF OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE, BOARD EFFECTIVENESS AND MANAGERIAL DISCRETION ON PERFORMANCE OF LISTED COMPANIES IN KENYA ONGORE, VINCENT OKOTH Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph D) in Business Administration, School of Business, University of Nairobi, Kenya. 2008. DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my original work and, to the best of my knowledge, has not been submitted to any university for a degreeRead MoreThe Difference Between Management Governance2146 Words   |  9 PagesThe difference between Management and Governance: Analysis in the context of Small and Medium Enterprises –SMEs.    By Callixte NYILINDEKWE    I. Introduction: Traditionally, corporate governance has evolved around the contract theory and agency problem based on separation of ownership and management (Dube, 2011). The benefits of this separation derive from the monitoring by the board of the CEO activity in the interest of shareholders, and generally in the interest of all stakeholdersRead MoreAgency Theory Essay 329591 Words   |  119 Pages1 The Fundamental Agency Problem and Its Mitigation: Independence, Equity, and the Market for Corporate Control DAN R. DALTON Kelley School of Business, Indiana University MICHAELA. HITT Mays College of Business, Texas AM University S. TREVIS CERTO Mays College of Business, Texas AM University CATHERINE M. DALTON Kelley School of Business, Indiana University Abstract A central tenet of agency theory is that there is potential for mischief when the interests of owners andRead MoreAgency Theory: an Assessment and Review9496 Words   |  38 PagesAgency Theory: An Assessment and Review Author(s): Kathleen M. Eisenhardt Source: The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Jan., 1989), pp. 57-74 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/258191 Accessed: 14/10/2010 10:43 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless youRead MoreFamily Business Essay3061 Words   |  13 PagesManagement Issues In The Family Business MGT-6340 Dominique Swaffin-Smith Word count: 2650 Submitted by E Pahlsson Content 1. Theory of discussion 2. Corporate governance 3. Family governance 4. Social responsibility 5. Philantrophy 6. Financial performance 7. Berry Bros amp; Rudd limited 8. Conclusion Introduction This report is intended to provide the reader with a discussion of the core areas of interest in terms of assessing a family companies performance. WeRead MoreEffect of Corporate Governance on Financial Performance14210 Words   |  57 Pagessummary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦12 2.0 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 2.1 Introduction..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....13 2.2 theoretical framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 2.3 Good corporate governance and operating costs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦18 2.4 Correlation between good corporate governance and performance ratios†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...20 2.5 Chapter summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24 3.0 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 3.1 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 3.2 Research design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25Read MoreCase Study Analysis of Royal Ahold Scandal7067 Words   |  29 Pagesinternational communities. In this paper I will focus on the case study of Royal Ahold and the large accounting fraud that took place within the company. The issues I will address include Ahold’s transparency and disclosure weaknesses, its demanding culture focused on economic growth regardless of certain ethical principles, the weaknesses of corporate governance within Europe and the United States, as well as the influences a company’s global expansion has on corporate governance and its financialRead MoreEmployee Resourcing5963 Words   |  24 PagesFinance Functions Require skilful planning, control and execution of financial activities. There are four important managerial finance functions. These are: a) Investment of Long-term asset-mix decisions These decisions (also referred to as capital budgeting decisions) relates to the allocation of funds among investment projects. They refer to the firm’s decision to commit current funds to the purchase of fixed assets in expectation of future cash inflows from these projects. Investment proposals

A social analysis of Child Support Policy in the U.S Free Essays

It is the social responsibility of the government to reliably provide for the basic needs of its citizens. This is of particular importance in ensuring sustainable and equitable social and economic development in the community. Due to this reason, numerous government policies have been formulated and implemented to promote provision of support services to the vulnerable minority members of the community. We will write a custom essay sample on A social analysis of Child Support Policy in the U.S or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of importance here is the Child Support Policy, which mandates financial support responsibility for single parent child by the other parent. This paper gives a critical social analysis of Child Support policy as well as a brief history of this policy in the US. History and provisions of Child Support policy in US The concern for child support policy in the United States can be traced back to the 19th century. This was after courts addressing martial breakdown and divorce cases identified the lack of enforceable legal provision providing for child support action by non-custodian parents (Hansen, 1999). This concerns and increased public outcry led to the passage of the first federal child support enforcement later in 1952. Available information indicates that this legislation provided guidelines to state welfare agencies on determining when aid is necessary for single parent families. In 1975, the federal government enacted the Social Security Act, which provided more legal authority for enforcing collection of child support (Hansen, 1999). This was followed by the 1984 amendment on Child Support Enforcement dictating for improvement in state and local support enforcement programs through establishment of state-wide child support guidelines. Through this amendment, the states gained authority to withhold income for non-custodial parents who were paying for child support (Josephson, 1997). In addition, the law required state governments to report defiance or late payment of support by non-custodial parents to consumer credit agencies. According to the provisions of the current child support laws, an individual is termed as a non-custodial parent in three conditions namely; if the child was as a result of a relationship, a marriage that was terminated through divorce or separation, and/or even in cases were none of such existed (Meyer, Cancian, 2005). Social value of child Support policy in the community Child support policy in the United States has been marked with numerous controversies among members of the political, social, and economic fronts of the community. Proponents of the policy have cited its instrumental role it plays in promoting sustainable parental care responsibility on children. According to available information, the high rates of divorce in the nation have resulted into increased burden to members of the society. This is because most victims of single families are economically dependent. Thus, the policy serves the ultimate purpose of ensuring sustainable economic independence in single parent families (Department of Health, and Human Services, 2005). Another common assertion by supporters of child support policy is that it functions to mitigate unethical practices in the society. True to the letter, divorce rates are increasingly becoming a major social concern in the nation. On the contrary, this is found to negate the underlying purpose of marriage in the society. This has the implication that failing to enforce mandatory parental care for both parents will only serve to create injustice in the community (Department of Health and Human Services, 2005). This can be supported by the fact that the child in question is in essence the result of the relationship of the couples. In addition, child support policy finds its importance in reducing government expenditure on individual citizens, an element that promotes public policies for the common good of all in the society (Melli, Oldham, 2000). As provided for in the constitution, the government should provide for the basic needs of its citizens. This means that the government will increase its investment on providing for single families at the expense of other public projects. Due to this reason, child support policy in the united states of American functions a crucial role in promoting ethics of care and equitable justice in the society. However, child support policies have not been without critics. It is a common claim by opponents that this policy is a real source of resource wastage in the community. The law requires a law enforcement of the policy through court agreement between the custodian parent and the non-custodian parent of the child. According to available statistical information, an estimated over 60 percent of child support cases end up in a long court battle between the disputing parties (Hansen, 1999). This has the ultimate implication that both parties are entail to loosing both in time and financial resources. Still, the provisions of the child support policy can be seen as a contradiction of individual right to equal opportunity. Existing legislations on child support enforcement give state and local governments to report to consumer credit agencies any delays by non-custodial parents to pay support (Meyer, Cancian, 2005). However, this requirement does not take into account the question of employment loss or financial crisis on the side of the non-custodial parent. This has the implication that the policy limits the sustainable social and economic development of these individuals in the society. Failure by the policy to appreciate the dynamics of the employment market is thus a contradiction of the constitutional provisions of equal opportunity. How to cite A social analysis of Child Support Policy in the U.S, Papers

Free Market Defense Essay Example For Students

Free Market Defense Essay Ludwig von Mises: Defender of the Free MarketLudwig von Misis thoughts on human behavior, socialism, and money and credithave had a major impact on economic thought. He championed true free markets andis seen as a defender of liberty. Former President of the United States RonaldReagan said Ludwig von Mises was one of the greatest economic thinkers in thehistory of Western Civilization. Through his seminal works, he rekindled theflames of liberty. As a wise and kindly mentor, he encourages all who sought tounderstand the meaning of freedom. We owe him an incalculable debt(MisesInstitute). The remainder of this paper will outline the life of Ludwig vonMises. This will be accomplished by describing the social, political, technical,and economic environment that influenced his ideas. A description of his majorideas in economic thought will be presented. Next, the people and ideas thatinfluenced his approach to economics will be addressed. Finally, the paper willconclude with an assessment of Ludwig von Mises contributions to economicthought. Overview of the Life of Ludwig von Mises Ludwig von Misis was born onSeptember 29, 1881 in Lemberg, Austria. He attended a private elementary school,the public Akademishe Gymnasium in Vienna from1892 to 1900. In 1900 Misesentered the University of Vienna. On February 20,1906 he received a Dr. Jurdegree, a Doctor of both Canon and Roman Laws, from the University of Vienna. When Mises attended the University, it had no separate economics department; theonly way to study economics was through law (Mises Institute). From 1907 to 1914Mises was employed as an advisor to the Austrian Chamber of Commerce. His firstmajor thesis, the Theory of Money and Credit was published in 1912. In 1913Mises was awarded the position of Privatdozent (unsalaried lecturer) at theUniversity of Vienna (Mises Institute). Mises academic pursuits wereinterrupted from 1914 to 1918 due to World War I. After World War I Misesreturned to the University of Vienna and his position at the Austrian Chamber ofCommerce. His next major thesis, Socialism, came in 1922. In 1934 Mises accepteda position as Professor of International Economic Relations at the GraduateInstitute of International Studies, in Geneva, Switzerland. Even though he badleft Vienna to accept this position in Switzerland, Mises did work for theAustrian Chamber of Commerce on a part-time basis until Hitlers annexation ofAust ria in March 1938 (Mises Institute). On July 6, 1938 Ludwig von Misesmarried Margit Sereny in Geneva. Ludwig von Mises immigrated to the UnitedStates in 1940 arriving in New York on August 2. In the United States Misestaught as a Visiting Professor at the University of New York from 1945 to 1969. He also traveled to Central and South America giving lectures from 1942 to 1959. In 1949 Mises published his crowning achievement Human Action. This treatisesummarized his thoughts on economics. Through out the rest of his life Misesreceived several distinguished awards. On October 10, 1973 Ludwig von Misespassed away at St. Vincent Hospital in New York City. Factors Influencing Ludwigvon Mises Ideas The major influence on Ludwig von Mises ideas was the Austrianschool of economic thought. The political and economic events that influencedMises included two world wars and an extended worldwide depression. In thepolitical turmoil after World War I, the main theoretician of the now socialistAustrian government was Marxist Otto Bauer. Mises had befriended Bauer duringhis school years and the two often discussed economics and politics. Misesexplained economics to him night after night, eventually convincing him to backaway from Bolshevik-style policies (Mises Institute). His actions kept Austriafrom following to the hyperinflation that the Germans experienced. Thepreva iling political climate during this time was Socialism. Mises stronglyopposed Socialism and its prevalence inspired him to write his next great workSocialism. The Great depression brought about the rise of Keynesian Economics. Mainstream economics embraced Keynesian economics and as a result Mises theoryof money and credit was pushed into the background as the cause for businesscycles. Political activity in Europe, specifically Hitlers aggression, droveMises from his homeland and then Europe just before World War II. Misescontinued to lecture widely in the United States, Europe and Latin America. Heserved as economic advisor to the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE) fromits founding in 1946 until his death. He was appointed a Visiting Professor atNew York University Graduate School of Business Administration in 1945 andserved there until 1969 (FEE). In his life time Mises witnessed the completionof the industrial revolution in the western world as well as the pervasion ofgovernment intervention into the free market through fiscal policy, based onKeynesian Economics, and through the institutionalization of central banking. The Constellation Orion EssayEugen von Boehm-Bawerk, a student of Menger, taught a young Mises from 1904 to1914 at the University of Vienna. His views on intervention of the governmentand how it reacted to economic law greatly influenced Mises thesis on socialism. Boehm-Bawerks theory on interest and capital and its time preference basisformed the logic needed to argue the viability of socialism (Spiegel). Misesthoughts on the business cycle were derived from Ricardian models, Boehm-Bawerkstheory on capital and the factors of production, and Knut Wicksells ideasregarding production and the effects the difference between real and nominalinterest rates has on it. Max Weber influenced Mises concerning economics as asocial science, but Menger was probably the major influence here as well. Assessment of Ludwig von Mises Contributions to Economics The completeness ofHuman Action is the most impressive contribution that Ludwig von Mises gave toeconomics. The marriage of micro and macroeconomics was accomplished throughMises theory on money and credit. This was the first time that this had beenaccomplished. His argument presented in Socialism has been historicallyvindicated and supported by empirical facts. Mises undying views on laissezfaire has been his sticking point with mainstream economics (Spiegel). Thefailure of the gold standard and the prevailing existence of central banks aretestaments to this. The biggest triumph of Mises is the methodology used tostudy economics. He solidified Mengers theoretical approach to economicproblems. BibliographyFoundation for Economic Education Ludwig von Mises AvailableInternet www.fee.org/about/misesbio.html Greaves, Percy L. Mises MadeEasier, 1974, Free Market Press Koether, George The Wisdom of Ludwig vonMises 1981, The Freeman Ludwig von Mises Institute Who is Ludwig von Mises Available Internet www.mises.org/mises.asp Ludwig von Mises InstituteWhat is Austrian Economics Available Internet www.mises.org/austian.aspLudwig von Mises Institute Why Austrian Economics Matters Available Internet www.mises.org/why_ae.asp Ludwig von Mises Institute AnAmerican Classical Liberalism Available Internet www.mises.org/classical.asp

Childrens nursing and interprofessional collaboration challenges and opportunities Essay Example

Childrens nursing and interprofessional collaboration: challenges and opportunities Essay Interprofessional working is perceived as one of the ways in which the new NHS can achieve working as one. Achievement of these goals will result in an integrated care system but the success is dependant on many factors including co-operation replacing competition. In history practitioners could be described as uni-professional where they are confined within their own disciplines. In the context of Interprofessional working, practitioners are being urged to learn from and about each other so that professional boundaries are effectively crossed for the benefit of the service user. The subject of interprofessional collaboration, after developing a momentum in the U.K to a position where it is beginning to have a positive effect on the structure and functioning of the NHS, has recently received heightened scrutiny in the nursing press. Despite this not enough attention has been given to putting these developments in the context of practitioners working within childrens nursing. Interprofessional collaboration, amongst other benefits, offers many opportunities for professional development and in putting forward the implications to practitioners working within childrens nursing this paper aims to redress the imbalance. Implications for childrens nurses It has been argued that this pluralistic vision of healthcare is nothing new. The complexity of individual health in a public and social context has always needed a mixed economy of provision (Ackers Abbott, 1996). In the context of children in as early as the 1950s prominent psychologists such as Bowlby suggested that uni-institutional and professional provision of services was dehumanising. We will write a custom essay sample on Childrens nursing and interprofessional collaboration: challenges and opportunities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Childrens nursing and interprofessional collaboration: challenges and opportunities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Childrens nursing and interprofessional collaboration: challenges and opportunities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Historically the profession of childrens nursing has fought hard to gain professional autonomy. The Court Report (DOH, 1976) formally recognised the importance of a dedicated profession with specialist knowledge in the needs of children. Court reiterated and extended the recommendations of the Platt Report (Ministry of Health, 1959) stressing the need for specialist, dedicated childrens nurses. Interprofessional collaboration could therefore be viewed to be somewhat erosive and diluting as practitioners are required to work beyond there previously autonomously defined discipline. Therefore much thought and examination is needed so that the transition from minority profession to interprofessional collaborators can be achieved in a way that maintains and develops the integrity and quality of the childrens nursing contribution. Political and economic implications for childrens nursing Despite the close relationship between policy and healthcare delivery, nurses as a body remain insufficiently politicised (Clifford, 2000). Clifford urges nurses to become more politically aware of issues that affect them and the delivery of care within their locality. This awareness has implications for childrens nurses if they are to overcome the potential hazards of being a minority profession and to avoid being sidelined within an adult biased healthcare structure. In recent decades there has been a growth in training and development of specialist skills in childrens nursing an example of which can be seen in paediatric intensive care. In 1993 the British Paediatric Association stressed the importance of suitably qualified nurses to care for critically ill children. However this is not to suggest that being a childrens nurse is just about the acquisition of specific knowledge and skills. Such a perception would reduce the profession to the status of technicians. Overlooking the wider awareness, understanding and knowledge that are crucial to meet the complexity within child and family care. As mentioned earlier one of the ways in which traditional barriers can be overcome is to create a process where practitioners can learn from and about each other. This encourages practitioners to work across traditional boundaries and therefore this learning is considered to be a crucial component of interprofessional working. On an interpersonal level collaboration is a process that occurs between individuals. And whilst organisations may urge and advocate ways of working they cannot ensure their success (Lupton Khan, 1998). Only the individuals involved can determine whether or not collaboration occurs. In order to achieve successful collaboration communication is needed so that an environment of trust can be achieved. The skills that have been identified in creating these environments of trust and respect are listening skills, ability to articulate individual and professional contributions, and negotiation skills. Without this level of communication interprofessional working is l ikely to continue to be affected at an interpersonal level by issues of status, class and gender. An example of how interpersonal stereotypes can have a detrimental impact on collaboration at an interpersonal level can be seen in the Jasmine Beckford child abuse inquiry (Blyth Milner, 1990). The inquiry highlighted that a female health visitor had voiced legitimate concerns yet they were ignored in favour of those of a male doctor. Subsequent work in this area of nurse-doctor relationships (Mackay, 1995: Kendrick, 1995) has identified role-socialization as playing an important part in perpetuating stereotypes. In contrast Carpenter (1995) highlights that nurses also have stereotypes of doctors that also have a negative impact on collaboration. In conclusion this article has sought to illustrate the complexities, at every level, of interprofessional working. It highlights the common belief that the key to successful collaboration is professional self-confidence, which evolves from the development of the core skills and knowledge discussed previously.

The death Sentence essays

The death Sentence essays Murder is by far the worst crime a person can commit. Criminals who are found guilty should receive the harshest penalty that the law can provide. In many cases the harshest penalty is the death sentence. There is no question whether or not a convicted murderer should be eligible for the death sentence. Or so as the saying goes an eye for an eye. But what happens when the person who commits the crime is a minor? Still under the age of eighteen, not old enough to make legal decisions, vote, consume alcohol, or gamble, but yet old enough to die for a mistake he/she made. Its sad that in this day and age America is one of the only countries that still practices the death sentence on minors. In America today there are 20 states that still practice the death sentence on minors. Among them is Texas with the most minors on death row 25. And in a state that claims they dont mess around Texas also leads with the highest number of execution involving a minor with 13. In a country were we are prided on or society compared to the rest of the world, it is funny to see that our country is one of only a hand full of countries that still practices the death sentence for minors. Among the countries that still practice capital punishment on minors are China, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. All these countries have been known to be extremist when it comes to capital punishment. As of today there are more than 70 people on death row for crimes committed under the age of 18 in the United States. Its sad to know that since 1990 America has executed more minors then all these countries combined. The United Nations Convention on The Rights of a Child, prohibits the execution for crimes committed under the age of 18. Only the U.S. and Somalia have failed to ratify the convention guidelines.(Carrillo, Can violent) ...

No topic need Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No topic need - Essay Example ion, it also tries to produce or develop products as per the preferences of the customers so as to enhance their reliability and loyalty within their minds. Only then, the rate of switch over costs of the customers might get reduced thereby enhancing the demand of the product lines of Ford motors. Other than this, in order to retain the customers for longer period of time, the organization of Ford Motors desire to offer high attention over quality, performance and technical specifications. Keeping this concept of product in mind, the organization of Ford Motors developed Honda Civic GX, which is extremely trendy in design and excellent in all season roads. The development of Honda Civic GX helped the organization of Ford Motors to fascinate a wide range of customers thereby amplifying its market share by almost 35 percent among others. However, in order to enhance its selling target, the organization tried to promote the specifications of this car such as ultra-high performance, high comfort etc in order to attract the interested customers. This is done in order to increase the demand of the product thereby amplifying the profit margin and brand image of the organization among others. Moreover, as per marketing concept, the organization of Ford Motors develops the product lin es, keeping in mind the requirements and needs of the customers so as to retain its loyalty and reliability. Furthermore, in order to retain the well-being of the society, the organization of Ford Motors developed Honda Civic GX, and promoted it by the name, green car. This clearly shows that, the organization tries to protect the environment from varied types of green houses gases emitted from the non-renewable fuels. b) In order to protect the market share and profitability, the organization of Ford Motors tried to offer higher concentration over the prices of its products. This is because, maximum extent of its target customers desire to attain, high-ended products but at a competitive

China and Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

China and Japan - Essay Example It has evolved and changed, during the 20th century. Many ethnic groups have existed in China. The pre-eminent ethnic group is the ‘Han Chinese’. Most social values are derived from Confucianism and Taoism with a combination of conservatism. Reincarnation and rebirth is the connection between real-life and the next-life. Spoken Chinese consisted of a number of Chinese dialects. The ancient written standard was Classical Chinese and it was used for thousands of years, but was mostly reserved for scholars and intellectuals. A large part of Chinese culture is about finding the balance of Yin and Yang in relation to Qi, in order to find harmony. Chinese medicine consists of a number of treatments including Chinese herb logy and acupuncture. Other forms of health improvement include meditation. Japanese culture has evolved from the ‘Jomon’ culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Archaeological research indicates that people were li ving on the islands of Japan as early as the upper paleolithic period. Japanese is written with a combination of three different types of scripts: Chinese characters ‘Kanji’ and two syllabic scripts, ‘Hiragana’ and ‘Katakana’. The Hindu-Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also commonplace. Japanese sculptures mainly settled on the subject of Buddhist images. Wood has traditionally been used as the chief material. The oldest sculpture is a wooden statue of 'Amitabha'. 'Chanoyu' and 'Ikebana' are the traditional rituals. The most popular professional sports are Sumo, Judo, Jujutsu and Kenjutsu. Political view of China and Japan:- The deadlock of the Chinese Civil War has resulted in two political states: the People's Republic of China (PRC), known as China, which controls "China proper" as well as Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Xingjian, Hong Kong, and Macau; and the Republic of China (ROC), known as Taiwan, which controls the island of Taiwan and its surrounding islands. The PRC is governed under the one-party system by the Chinese Communist Party, but the ROC has moved towards democratic government. After the founding of the PRC, both states claimed to be the sole legitimate ruler of all of "China". The ROC had more international support but most international diplomatic recognitions have shifted to the PRC. Both regimes use diplomatic and economic means to compete for recognition in the international arena. Currently, the PRC is recognized by most world organizations such as the World Health Organization and the International Olympic Committee. Today, there are 24 U.N. member states that maintain official diplomat ic relations with the ROC while the majority of the U.N. member states maintain official diplomatic relations with the PRC. Japan is recognized as a liberal democracy with free and fair elections, has operated with a dominant-party system known as the Liberal Democratic Party. It takes place in a framework of a parliamentary- representative- democratic- monarchy, whereby the Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Japan is generally considered a constitutional monarchy, based largely upon the British system with strong influences from European continental civil law countries such as Germany and France. The Emperor of Japan is "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people" and exercises a purely ceremonial role without the possession of sovereignty. The constitution is called "the Pacifist

Management of Sexual Harassment in the Health Care setting Research Paper

Management of Sexual Harassment in the Health Care setting - Research Paper Example f the managers and supervisors and their relationships in a case of sexual harassment at Health care setting would be critically analyzed in this research. The aim of the research is to find awareness about sexual harassment at work for the Health Care Setting employees. The view about the same would be taken from the supervisors and managers to determine the level of awareness in context to the cases and legislations at place. The research would investigate the role Health Care employees in case of a complaint about sexual harassment at work. The objective is to identify the role of the manager along with the guidelines to be followed in case of a complaint received. The literature review in the research would focus on the development of theory of Human Rights and the legal framework available to curb such extortions. Again, the legislation and guidelines along with the knowledge of the code of conduct for a health care manager and supervisors would be studied. The research would be conducted upon a group of 50 Health Care Employees of which 10 would be Health Care Supervisors for primary data generation. Secondary data would be collected from 5 different Health Care Managers to find out the awareness of role and responsibility for each level of health care workers in case of a violation. Sexual harassment at work place was first introduced in 1980s by Japan and the United States (Un.org, 2015). However, they had to detract due to the heavy media pressure. In health care industry, the nursing and health care staffs are prone to sexual harassment at work. Sexual harassment cause emotional distress, disgust, burnout syndromes and high turnover among the health care professionals (Corby, 2012). Thus the net outcome is inferior patient care or legal action, financial burden and a bad repute for the organization. Fineran (2012) observed that there are various reasons for such sexual harassments, especially in the lower ranks of the health care profession. Health

Promoting Culture And Heritage Tourism In Barcelona Tourism Essay

Promoting Culture And Heritage Tourism In Barcelona Tourism Essay When people go travelling, they buying a product that involves and includes people. It offers tourists an exciting chance to become -even if its just for a little while- a part of another culture. This paper is looking at the importance of managing and marketing heritage and cultural tourism and to what extend its used as a promotion strategy to boost tourism in Barcelona. Due to globalisation and increasing competition, many cities are experiencing a stage of regeneration. Especially since traditional industries like the textile manufactory are declining, a major priority is to attract foreign investment and become a high profile destination for tourists. To achieve that, culture and heritage are used as valuable assets for promoting a city. Definition of cultural and heritage tourism Culture and heritage have been elements in tourism since a long time. When looking at the role of cultural and heritage tourism, definitions need to be made. Culture can be defined in terms of shared norms, values, customs, artistic achievements by a group of people at a certain time (BeechChadwick, 2006: 486). McIntosh, Geoldner and Ritchie have recognized culture as a motivator for people to travel, identified by the desire to see and know more about other cultures. This includes to find out more about the natives of a country, their, lifestyle, music, art, folklore, dance etc (Cooper, et al 2008: 47). Heritage can be defined in terms of what is inherited by one generation from past generations , that can be i.e. a property or a tradition. All in all the National Trusts definition of cultural heritage tourism is explaning it very well: it is traveling to experience the places and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present. It includes hi storic, cultural and natural resources. (culturalheritagetourism.org) Cultural tourism products Developing successful tourism attractions involves an understanding of what tourism is and how it works. There are key principles, which makes tourists being attracted to a destination. The nature of tourism can be defined as a commercial activity which involves the consumption of experiences, in practice it is a business with the purpose for economic benefit of the tourist destination. The tourism industry enables tourists to consume experiences (McKercher du Cros, 2002: 27) It is entertainment and a demand-driven activity which is not easy to control. Cultural heritage attractions are a part of tourism and not all cultural assets are cultural tourist attractions(McKercher du Cros, 2002: 26). Promoting Culture and Heritage Tourism in Barcelona: Marketing tools Barcelona has inherited a prosperous cultural tradition, which is resulting from its superb position in the Mediterranean. It has over 2,000 years of history and Barcelona experienced the Iberian, Roman, Arabic and Christian preceding civilizations. It has a distinctive personality as the capital of Catalonia, an area with its own Catalan language and culture (professional.barcelonaturisme.com). During the past decades, Barcelona proofed itself as a vibrant, innovative and imaginative city, which knows how to stay in the international spotlight. Worldwide 37% of trips are taken with the reason to experience culture., where Spains market share of cultural tourism is 8,2%. 21% of all foreign tourists came with the purpose to explore culture, compared to 59% for leisure and holiday. Cultural tourism is the second biggest segment of international tourism in Spain with figures of 9 million tourists in 2003 (ectn.eu.com). Barcelona has confidently established its position as one of Europes leading city tourism destinations. With nearly 4 million overnights in 1990, 8 million in 2000 and 12 million overnights during 2008, Barcelona has experienced a massive growth over the past decade (turisme2015bcn.cat ). In 1993 the public-private Turisme de Barcelona Consortium was founded with the intention to promote the city itself as well as reshape the image. It can be seen as the as a continuance of the work from COOB after the Olympics, which was set up by the Chamber of Commerce and the City Council (professional.barcelonaturisme.com). Several strategies were created to achieve the new goals. One key strategy was set to promote cultural tourism: We will promote cultural tourism based on the citys identifying elements such as the Catalan language, its status as regional capital, unique architectural heritage and Catalan cuisine (turisme2015bcn.cat). The development of cultural services and projects are often used to support the marketing and tourism efforts. This could mean the creation and renewal of museums and art galleries and the hosting of art festivals. This aspect is often part of a comprehensive cultural tourism strategy (Page, S Hall, CM, 2003: Chapter 8) Every year Turisme de Barcelona is realising about 400 promotional activities, which are selected according to different market segmentations, tourist typologies and countries. These can be art and culture, shopping, sport, nightlife or leisure to name just a few. The traditional and established iconic landmarks such as Park Gà ¼ell, La Ramblas or Gaudis work as tourist attractions are giving the city a unique image. Barcelona is using several strategies to promote itself; with the most important strategy being destination branding, where the cultural and heritage aspect plays a leading role. Also, there is no doubt that cultural and heritage resources in particular play a key role in the development of urban tourism (Page, S Hall, CM, 2003: Chapter 3). The media in its worldwide spectrum is used to carry out the brand and to promote Barcelona as a tourist place product by using television, radio, press and internet (turisme2015bcn.cat). Barcelona is known throughout the world as a cultural city with an important heritage and vibrant variety of cultural attractions. Barcelona has nine World Heritage Sites to offer (Palau de la Mà ºsica Catalana, Park Gà ¼ell, La Pedrera, Palau Gà ¼ell, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sagrada Familia, Casa Batllà ³ , Casa Vicens and Cripta de la Colà ²nia Gà ¼ell (professional.barcelonaturisme.com). During a five-year period, Barcelona enlarged its cultural attractions with new initiatives. In every year, a particular area has been devoted in a programme through the Universal Forum of Cultures 2004. In 2000 music was devoted, while 2001 was bestowed to art. In that year when the city hosted the triennial exhibition Experiences, Barcelona Art Report 2001 and the International Congress of Museums. In the year 2002, Barcelona strengthened its international position when it hosted the International Gaudà ­ Year, which has put the city in the world culture of spotlight. In the year 2003, sport and design were the citys thematic events and received big media coverage (professional.barcelonaturisme.com). In Barcelona has over 50 museums which are showcasing permanent collections by famous artists such as Picasso, Mirà ³ and Tà  pies. The city also offers a wide choice of theatre and entertainments facilities, and hosts famous festivals such as the Summer Grec Festival, where theatre, music and dance come together. The city has two most important classical music venues, the Palau de la Mà ºsica and LAuditori, which both present top-quality programmes. Furthermore, the citys opera house, the Gran Teatre del Liceu, has one of Europes most prominent opera seasons (professional.barcelonaturisme.com). Barcelona offers different sightseeing tours to discover Culture and Heritage, where passengers get provided with any information they may require. They also give a voucher booklet which offers discounts at the main city attractions. This is a tool to promote the visit of Culture and Heritage sites. The Barcelona Tourism Board introduced a few years ago the Barcelona Card , which ones purchased provides tourists with free travel on city transport and discounts and free offers at museums, leisure attractions, nightclubs, shops, restaurants, on entertainments and other services. Various Walking Tours, where the Gothic Quarter can be discovered, where they show the tourists through the historic and political heart of the city. With a Modernisme route, the Catalan art nouveau buildings by architects such as Antoni Gaudà ­. Domà ¨nech I Montaner and Puig I Cadafalch are showed and explained. There is also a Gourmet route existing which goes through the old town and gives visitors the possibility to explore Barcelonas gastronomic culture. Barcelona also offers the Articket, a ticket that allows tourists to visit the 7 leading museums in Barcelona (barcelonaturisme.com). Critical View Cultural tourism brings individuals and human communities into contact. It can encourage the revival of the traditions and the restoration of cultural sites and monuments. But unbridled tourism can have the opposite effect. On the one hand, cultural heritage can serve as a tourism attraction, and tourism can lead to the financial and political support for management of a heritage. On the other hand, there is also possible conflict insofar as tourism can damage cultural heritage, and therefore limits on visitation can damage tourism or rather hold back its expansion. What is clear is that tourism is growing and will have an increasing impact on cultural heritage. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) predicts that cultural tourism will be one key tourism market segments in the future, and notes that growth in this area will present an increasing challenge in terms of managing visitor flows to cultural sites.aa how development cooperationin specific settings, industry organizations note that the challenge is to manage the future growth of the industry so as to minimise its negative impacts on the environment and host communities whilst maximising the benefits it brings in terms of jobs, wealth and support for local culture and industry, and protection of the built and natural environment. .

Homosexual Adoption Rights Essay -- Legal Issues, New Jersey, Foster C

New Jersey’s statewide parenting legislation espouses a progressive stance on the matters of same-sex parenting and child care in the processes of adoption and foster parenting. The Garden State allows for same-sex adoption; allows single homosexuals to adopt; and allows second parent same-sex adoption (â€Å"Same-Sex Adoption Laws,† n.d.). New Jersey has passed progressive laws and policies that prohibit discrimination charged against gay individuals in the adoption process (Sudol, 2010). New Jersey state law also bans discrimination against gay individuals in the foster parent process (2010). New Jersey Statutes Annotated 9:3-43 enables for any person to adopt permitted the said person(s) pass a background investigation and meet adoption criteria for eligibility(N.J.S.A. 9:3-43). Unmarried joint adoptive parents petitioning to adopt a child can do so because of N.J.S.A. 9:3-43. In re Adoption of two Children by H.N.R., 666 A.2d 535 (N.J. Super. 1995) permits second pa rent adoption; this statute exercises the possibility for an individual to petition for shared rights of custody with a parent who already possesses legal parental custody of a child. Several states prohibit joint adoption due to unmarried status. This statute is favorable for unmarried parents seeking to adopt in New Jersey. This New Jersey statute provides for an overall tolerant atmosphere for queer individuals and couples looking to adopt or become foster parents. In summary, laws and policies regarding same-sex adoption vary from state to state. The three common forms of adoptive guardianship are individual (single) parent adoption, joint adoption, and second parent adoption. Firstly, the most traditional type of adoptive parents is the single parent adoption. T... ...loving individuals and couples are being denied the chance of giving orphans a loving home. The numbers of orphans increasing in foster care services are disproportionate to the number of foster parents willing to adopt them. This fact alone without a shadow of a doubt calls to question the involvement federal government to revise law and policy to integrate the needs of same-sex parents and the growing orphan problem in the United States. The investigation of same-sex parents continues to produce evidence suggesting that children growing up in same-sex households report feeling more tolerant of other groups. The quality of parenting and family functioning are not inhibited by the parent’s sexual orientation. Lastly, children raised by same-sex parents do not exhibit psychosocial and emotionally disruptive behaviors (Children Welfare Information Gateway, 2011).

Books vs. Movies

Books remain among the oldest and the most valuable inventions of the humanity and have a long and dynamic history, which started in those times when people felt a necessity to create lasting and easily accessible records of some important information. The first books appeared in Ancient Egypt, soon after invention of papyrus technique. Even in the beginning of the 20th century books were the most popular sources of information and the only carriers of literary works of any genres. There were millions of booklovers around the world, who enjoyed reading and developing own personality by obtaining knowledge from the books.But in the first decade of the 20th century a lot of changes took place, and one of the reasons of those was a revolutionary invention of cinematography. The first motion picture films started appearing, the first studios in the Hollywood area were founded and world’s cinema industry started developing. Nowadays, movies of different genres, from comedies to doc umentaries, became a corporate part of our life. It is hard to find someone who does not like watching movies, but the opinions whether they are better than the books, differ.This work is an attempt to examine and contrast the differences between books and movies. The first and the most important difference is the opportunity to imagine and visualize the scenes of the plot. While reading a book, we can use the power of our own imagination to picture characters or the events in details. But when watching a movie, we have to accept the visualization of the events, which is offered by the director. Certainly, movies can be advantageous, because they are visually stimulating and loaded with numerous special effects.However, books usually have deeper influence and remain longer in our minds, because all the work on â€Å"visualization† of the events is done by us ourselves. Another significant difference between books and movies is being a source for one another. It is known that screenwriters and movie directors often create their masterpieces based on the plots of popular books, and the examples of this include a number of movies about Harry Potter and Hannibal Lecter, â€Å"The Lord of the Rings†, â€Å"The Da Vinci Code†, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, â€Å"The English Patient†, â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest†, â€Å"The Godfather† and hundreds of others.Nevertheless, there are few incidents, when books are written on the plots of popular movies, because in such cases it is really difficult for the writers to offer something new and appealing. There are more differences. As a rule, reading books requires more time, as well as more attention and concentration of the reader. At the same time, watching a movie does not take long (about 2-3 hours) and frequently does not require being totally focused on it. In addition, it is only a personality and previous achievements of the author, which can attract attention of potential readers to a new book.As to a new movie, there can be personalities (and previous achievements) of the director, the screenwriter, as well as the names of one or a number of actors, which can attract public attention and make more and more people watch it. Yet another difference is availability of books and movies. It is possible to read a book almost everywhere. Books are light, small and can be even placed in a pocket (so called pocket-books). That is why they are, undoubtedly, the best solution to fill the time in a queue or during a plane trip. However, not everyone can afford watching movies at any time and place.Only those, who have laptops or portable CD/DVD players with monitors, can play movies wherever they wish. The majority of people are still bounded to cinemas, TVs, home cinemas, home PC stations, etc. Undoubtedly, everyone has own opinion regarding the advantages of reading books and watching movies, and the comments like â€Å"Books are better because they are more descriptive and seem more real,† or â€Å"Movies are just easier sometimes. They take less time and less concentration,† perfectly reflect the opposite viewpoints of young Americans on these two concepts (Stratta & Broderick, n. d. ).Nevertheless, I suppose that it would be better and really fair to understand books and movies as two different genres of entertainment and learn to appreciate them both. Outline I. Books A. Historical information B. Being the only source of knowledge II. Movies A. Cinema history B. Becoming everyday entertainment III. Differences A. Opportunities to use imagination and visualize the scenes. B. Being a source for one another C. Necessary time and concentration D. Personalities, who can contribute in promotion. E. Availability IV.Different opinions A. Comments of people B. Suggestion to enjoy the benefits of both books and movies Bibliography: †¢ Stratta, E. & Broderick, M. (n. d. ). Movies Sink in the Battle vs. Books. In Depth Page. Marian High School Official Page. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from . †¢ The Book vs. The Movie. (2002, November 11). CBS News Online. Associated Press. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved Apri 19, 2007, from: .

OPEC essays

OPEC essays OPEC affects the American economy. It influences the economy due to oil consumption of many Americans. We use oil in everyday life. It is used in cars and jobs all across the United States. Many machineries use oil to power our electrical appliances. Since most young Americans dont even know what OPEC is, I will give you a brief synopsis of it. OPEC is a voluntary intergovernmental organization that co-ordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member countries (opec.org). Open seeks to insure the stabilization of oil prices in international markets with a view to eliminating harmful fluctuations with regard given at all times to securing a steady income for all. They must also have a secure capital for those investing in the petroleum industry. OPEC was formed at a meeting held on September 14, 1960 in Baghdad, Iraq, by five founding members. These members were Iran, Iraq, Kuwaiti, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. The United States has never been a member of OPEC although in 1996 they produced 6.5 million barrels of oil per day, which makes it the worlds third largest producer. The reason for the United States government not becoming a part of OPEC is their conflicting standpoints regarding oil exportation. To become a constituent of OPEC you must have a substantial net export of crude petroleum. A majority of at least three-fourth in the OPEC organization also must accept you. There are three different categories of members. There are those who are founding members, which consist of the six original members. The remaining is one of either full member or associate members. Those that are associate members of a country do not qualify for full membership but which is nevertheless admitted under special conditions as maybe prescribed by the conference (MacAvoy 84). There are currently eleven OPEC member countries. The OPEC conference of ministries meets in ordinary sessions twice a ...

How to Use the Perl Array Push() Function

How to Use the Perl Array Push() Function The Perl  push()  function is used to push a value or values onto the end of an array, which increases the number of elements. The new  values  then become the  last elements  in the array. It returns the new total number of elements in the array. Its easy to confuse this function with  the  unshift()  function, which adds elements to the  beginning  of an array. Heres an  example of the Perl push() function: myNames (Larry, Curly);push myNames, Moe;print myNames\n; When this code is executed, it delivers: Larry Curly Moe Picture a row of numbered boxes, going from left to right. The push() function pushes the new value or values onto the right side of the array  and increases the elements.   The array can also be thought of as a stack. Picture a stack of numbered boxes, starting with 0 at the top and increasing as it goes down. The push() function pushes the value onto the bottom of the stack  and increases the elements, like this: myNames (Larry,Curly);push myNames, Moe; You can also push multiple values onto the array directly ... myNames (Larry, Curly);push myNames, (Moe, Shemp); ... or by pushing on an array: myNames (Larry, Curly);moreNames (Moe, Shemp);push (myNames, moreNames); Note for beginning programmers:  Perl arrays begin with an symbol. Each complete line of code must end with a semicolon. If it doesnt, it wont execute. In the stacked example in this article, the lines without a semicolon are values contained in an array and enclosed in parentheses. This isnt an exception to the semicolon rule, as much as a result of the stack approach. The values in the array are not individual lines of code. It is easier to picture this in the horizontal approach to coding. Other Functions for Manipulating Arrays Other functions are also used to manipulate arrays. These make it easy and efficient to use a Perl array as a stack or as a queue. In addition to the push function, you can use: Pop function – removes and returns the last element of an arrayShift function – moves the whole array to the left. The element that is the first element of the array falls off the array and becomes the return value of the functionUnshift function – the opposite of the shift function, places a value at the beginning of an array and moves all the other element to the right.

Communication Skills - Week One Individual Assignment Essay

Communication Skills - Week One Individual Assignment - Essay Example The three communication skills that would be most beneficial in one’s professional or personal life includes: (1) being a good conversationalist; (2) being an exemplary listener; and (3) being an effective writer. Being a good conversationalist entails knowledge of the communication process and grammatical rules, appropriate behavior in the application of verbal and non-verbal cues, as well as in accurately understanding the messages that were sent, as originally intended.   Finally, one could use skills in writing in one’s future career through the need to comply with business correspondences, reportorial requirements, or sending messages to various stakeholders.   The three important skills that would require one to communicate effectively include applying improved listening skills, knowledge of verbal and non-verbal cues across different cultures, and being able to express one’s thoughts and concerns through the proper choices and structure of words and by being aware of the different settings, audiences, and rhetorical elements that would assist in conveying one’s intended messages. To be able to apply all these skills, it is imperative to be knowledgeable of the elements of the communication, the barriers that prevent senders and recipients from accurately understanding the messages sent, as well as minimizing distractions or noise within the communication setting or environment.

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Report - Essay Example The following report is going to discuss two companies and their growth – Lazy Oaf Company and Bay & Brown Company. These two companies are major UK textile and apparel manufacturers. This report examines the growth prospects for the two companies trends in fashion have been listed at the close of the report. The aim and objective is to analyze the growth of the industry as a whole with the two companies presenting the model for growth behavior. A company with a vision to originate unconventional, vibrant outfits and frills was well established back in 2001 in East London. It initiated its work by printing t-shirts in a different style called â€Å"Screen Printed T-Shirts† This innovation got great appreciation and got famous in no time. The brand for its quality and uniqueness became reputable and spread its network in Japan, Paris and Italy. Creative designs and distinct style distinguish it from other brands. The company has mission to en light your day with it diverse product range, catering to all ages (Lazy Oaf Company, 2009). Witnessing the current economic downfall throughout the world the company has done remarkably well to maintain its place in the market by taking timely initiatives and launching campaigns and promotional offers that helped it securing its share in the market (Lazy Oaf Prices, 2009). The prices of products have been kept in accordance with the buying ability of masses, not to deprive them their right to buy quality brand. At this critical juncture the performance in terms of growth is uphill with innovation in Fashion stands as essential standpoint. A UK design studio that promotes exclusive compilation of ideas, print designs and notions fabricate for UK and various international fashion industries. Bay and Brown is playing a key role in boosting the image of the company all over the world in terms of setting a benchmark regarding the fine prints and designs famous for their innovation and cost effectiveness (Bay &

Fight For 8-hour work time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fight For 8-hour work time - Essay Example Several nations developed certain labor laws for avoid the exploitation of employees in an organization. These laws are mainly consists of minimum daily rest hours, annual holidays and a maximum number of working hours in a day or week for the employees welfare. Over the last three hundred years labor unions have gone through different situation and shaped different forms. Later these trade unions became the part of different political and economical regimes. Early labors are like friendly societies and they worked for the different benefits of labors and to insure workers against unemployment, bad health condition, oldness, and funeral expenses. In many nations especially developed countries, states have been taken responsibilities to do all these functions. The provision of professional training, legal advice, and representation for members are still playing major role of labor union membership. The international socialist organization, the international workingmen’s association (IWA) or First international, demanded 8 hour working time at Geneva Convention in 1866. 8 hour working day got preliminary success in New Zealand by the Australian labor movement for skilled labors in the mid of 19th century. At the early and mid of 20th century got more popularity and most of the employers accepted the 8 hour working time throughout the world. Eight hour day movement is the part of early history and reasoned for the celebration Labor Day and May Day in several nations. The origin of Labor Day namely May Day is bounded up with the movement of eight hour workday. During the year between 1885 and 1886, many strikes had happened in the United States for the part of eight hour work day movement. There were around 500 strikes and lockouts took place in between 1881 and 1884. Most of these movements were started on May First. The May first protest and strike were very aggressive i n Chicago. May first, 1890, was to witness nation-wide strike for the

Animals Right Essay Example for Free

Animals Right Essay Some people believe that animals are humans’ friends. The other people might do not think so. Because people have different values of animals, the arguments are commenced. Since 1977, all of three philosophers, Peter Singer, Tom Regan and Carl Cohen have respectively written their work to declare the status of animals. On the one hand, according to Peter Singer’s â€Å"All Animals Are Equal(1977) ,† and Tom Regan’s â€Å"The Case for Animal Rights(1989),† they claim that people should give equal rights to animals as the way do for human beings, and treat all the animals in certain way no matter how the consequences are; On the other hand, in â€Å"The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research(1986),† Carl Cohen believes that animals have no rights because they are not a part of a group whose typical members are moral agents and able to respond to moral claims. Only human can be the top one of the living beings in the world. Then the other two consider this is a form of speciesism. To see how this long debate’s process, animals’ equal rights and speciesism are the focus. First of all, animals should have equal rights. Peter Singer starts to call for the equal rights for animals. A similarity can be found by Tom Regan. Regan presents the principle, â€Å"subject-of-a-life† as the basis of his case for the fundamental rights of animals. Once any being has complicated spiritual life, like desire, belief, memory, intention and a sense of the future, which is a subject of a life. Due to the fact that each subject of a life is an individual who worries and thinks about his or her life, that life is defined with inherent value. Indeed, Regan identifies that being is not important as the state, and concludes that all who have inherent value equally. Therefore, all animals’ equal right should be treated with respect. However, Cohen replies that animals are not morally self-legislative, cannot possibly be members of a truly moral community (Cohen2. Para. 6), and â€Å"not being of a kind capable of exercising or responding to moral claims† (Cohen 2. Para. 5), so they do not allow to gain rights. But as human infants, severely retarded humans are members of a group whose typical members are moral agents, so they do have rights. Regarding to Cohen’s idea that animals have no rights, Peter Singer analyzes the idea of speciesism to ground his case for the basic rights of animals. Speciesism is a prejudice or partiality that prevents objective consideration of one’s own species and against those of members of other species. Singer goes to explain three claims against speciesism. First, he thinks equal consideration is the basis of equality, so it is unfair to argue an animal since they do not have extending rights. He cites the claim of dogs that are unequal because they do not know what voting is so that cause them not allow to vote. Secondly equality is a moral idea not an actual one. He points out the problems of claims came from defense of racism, sexism, and arguments against the equality of human beings to illustrate his thinking. The aim of this is to put forward the point that, â€Å"equality does not depend on intelligence, moral capacity, physical strength, or similar matters of fact†(Singer3. Para. 12). Thirdly the capacity for suffering is the basic support structure of rights. Therefore he concludes that equality cannot pursue with speciesism. Finally, Carl Cohen argues that speciesism is not at all like the cases of racism or sexism, it can defense morally. Racism has no rational ground whatever†¦the same is true of the sexes, neither sex being entitled by right to greater respect or concern than other† (Cohen3. Para. 21). Unlike the differences between the sexes and races, there are much morally relevant differences between humans and animals. â€Å"Theirs is a moral status very different from that of cats or rats† (Cohen 3. Para. 22). For example, Animals cannot make moral judgments. Also, Cohen describes that the benefits of an adequate utilitarian calculus of animal experimentation which are much more valuable than its costs. As a result, the idea to oppose animal experimentation is inconsistent because this is by far a better use of animals than are other uses of animals the opponents accept, like the use of animals for food, clothing, and shelter. On the other hand, but Cohen applies the idea that it is human beings’ responsibilities to help animals to stop meaningless suffering. Carl Cohen’s arguments against animal rights are shown to be unsound. Cohen’s strategy entails that animals have rights, that humans do not, the negations of those conclusions, and other false and inconsistent implications. Singer’s view is not so very radical, and does not lead to hugely counterintuitive conclusions, because he thinks there are lots or differences between the interests of humans and the interests of other animals. So in practice, treating animals and humans as equals allows for a fair amount of different treatment. However, â€Å"the Case for Animal Rights† is beyond question the most important philosophical contribution to animal rights and is a major work in moral philosophy. Should animals have more rights? The answer we need to wait until the next declaration to go on the animal rights.

Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation

Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation from Intense Laser-Plasma Interactions using Two-Colour Harmonics BRIEF HISTORY Over the past few decades breakthroughs in the production of intense laser fields have meant that multi-terawatt and even petawatt systems are now standard in laboratories**. This has been achieved through reduction of the pulse duration, originally from nanosecond pulses down to femtosecond and recently reaching attosecond levels (1as =10-18s)**. This coupled with important improvements to systems, such as the chirped pulse amplification technique (CPA)**, has allowed laser pulses to be amplified to higher peak powers than ever before and used in laser-matter interactions. The resulting scientific drive from developments such as these pushed achievable laser intensities from 109W/cm2 to the 1014W/cm2, at which the interaction between these high intensity lasers and dense electron-free gas was studied**. Only recently thanks to advances in both laser performance and computer simulation tools has study on laser-plasma interactions in the generation of HHG made progress, providing the possibility to generate sources of incoherent electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength and pulse durations**. As further study was carried out on the interaction of light with relativistic free electrons in plasma, it has reached a point now in which generation of high-harmonics of the fundamental laser, soft and hard x-rays, and shorter pulse duration (1as) lasers of intensities reaching 1018W/cm2 are now possible**. Due to this the generation of high-order-harmonics from high-intensity laser interactions has been a major area of attoscience research within the last decade. HHG PRODUCTION High harmonic generation (HHG) refers to the process in which a high intensity laser pulse is focused onto a target, classically a noble gas, in which strong nonlinear interactions result in the generation of very high harmonics of the optical frequency of the pulse**. This will occur for intensities of 1014W/cm2 and above, where typically only a small amount of this energy is converted into the higher harmonics. From these high-harmonics, spatially and temporally coherent attosecond pulses of extreme ultraviolet light can be generated, which can then be used as a reliable source of highly tuneable short wavelength radiation in many different applications e.g. x-ray spectroscopy**. In the case of high intensity laser-gas interactions this is achieved by tailoring the intensity of the laser pulse so that its electric field amplitude is similar to the electric field in the target atoms**. From this the lasers electric field is able to remove electrons from the atoms through tunnel ionisation, at which point the electrons are accelerated in the field and, with certain conditions controlled, are made to collide with the newly created ion upon recombination. The resulting collision generates the emission of high energy photons**, as shown in fig 1. Fig. 1: HHG three step model. This is known as the three step model; electron is detached from atom through tunnel ionisation, then accelerated within the field away from atom, then accelerated back towards atom where it collides and recombines, from this collision all the energy lost appears as emitted HHG ultraviolet photons. HHG from laser-gas interactions have been used extensively to generate attosecond pulses but is limited in flux and photon energy by low conversion efficiencies between the driving laser energy and the attosecond pulses, this can be attributed to two key factors; loss of phase matching between the driving laser to the generated extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation as its propagated through the gas over a relatively large distance, and a restriction on the intensity of the driving laser due to the ionisation threshold of the target gas, this saturation intensity is roughly 1016W/cm2**. Meaning laser intensities above this threshold limit will over-ionise the gas leaving no neutral atoms left to generate the XUV harmonics. The use of laser-solid interaction offers the opportunity of reaching much higher attosecond pulse intensities and generation efficiencies beyond the capabilities of gas based HHG**. The method of generating high-harmonics in laser-solid interactions is fundamentally different than that of laser-gas interactions. Interaction of intense ultrashort laser pulses (of pulse duration around a few femtoseconds) on an optically polished solid surface results in the target surface being completely ionised, generating a dense plasma which will act as a mirror, called a plasma mirror**. The reflection of these high intensity laser pulses will be affected by a wave motion set-up in the electrons within the plasma surface causing it to distort the reflected laser field, resulting in the production of upshifted light pulses and the generation of high-order harmonics**. Due to the coherent nature of this process, these generated harmonics are phase-locked and emerge as attosecond pulse. Fig. 2 Laser pulse moving towards overdense plasma. A key property of this plasma is its electron density, this determines whether the laser is reflected, absorbed or not allowed to pass through. This is known as the density gradient scale length, as the laser pulse interacts with the target and forms a plasma it creates a profile that extends out into the vacuum, forming a plasma density profile. This is a critical factor in HHG and consists of two regions: Overdense scale length, Lod If the electron density is equal to the critical density of the target or above, extending up to the maximum target density, the laser pulse is unable to penetrate through the target and is so reflected or absorbed. Underdense scale length, Lud If the electron density is below this critical density the laser will penetrate through, with some absorption. Fig. 3 Plasma density profile, Lud is underdense region, Lod is overdense region. The critical density is determined from: Where is the angular frequency of the laser. As stated before the target surface is highly ionised by the leading edge of the laser pulse, known as the pre-pulse, therefore becoming rapidly over-dense and creating a plasma mirror of sufficient electron density, ne>nc**. HHG within plasma requires laser intensities >1015W/cm2 for 800nm field**, which is usually stated in terms of a normalised vector potential of a ­0, where: In which; e and m are electron charge and electron mass respectively. c is speed of light in vacuum. E is the amplitude of the lasers electric field. I is the lasers intensity. à Ã¢â‚¬ °l is the laser frequency and ÃŽÂ »l is the laser wavelength. Therefore HHG in plasma requires at least an a0à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0.03. Recently is was discovered** that there are two mechanisms that lead to HHG from solid density plasma surfaces; Relativistic oscillating mirror (ROM) Coherent wake emission (CWE) These two process result in different distortions to the reflected laser field and therefore a completely different harmonic spectra produced. CWE Coherent wake emission is a process of three steps; Electrons on the surface of the plasma are drawn into the vacuum by the laser field and accelerated back into the dense plasma once they have gained energy from the driving laser field. When propagating within the dense plasma these fast electrons form ultrashort bunches, creating plasma oscillations in their wake. Within the non-uniform region of the plasma (produced from the density gradient between the plasma-vacuum boundary) the electron oscillations will radiate energy in the form of light of various local plasma frequencies found within this gradient. This process will occur once for every laser cycle therefore the spectrum of the emitted light will consist of harmonics of the laser frequency, in which CWE harmonic spectra have a cutoff at the maximum plasma frequency à Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­pmax **. This mechanism is predominant at moderately relativistic intensities of a0à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤1, and short but finite plasma gradient lengths of **. Coherent wake emission has only recently been identified as a factor in HHG in laser-solid interactions but it is known that it along with ROM contributes to the generation of high-harmonic orders below à Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­pmax and the strength of their respective influence below this threshold is determined by laser intensity**. ROM The other mechanism involved in the generation of high-harmonics from laser-plasma interactions is the relativistic oscillating mirror process, this dominates for relativistic normalised vector potentials of a0>>1, although recent studies have shown that ROM harmonics can be observed even at lower intensities when the plasma gradient length is about **. ROM process occurs when surface electrons in the plasma are oscillated collectively by the high intensity incident laser field to relativistic speeds, the plasma will reflect what it observes as a laser pulse of frequency à Ã¢â‚¬ °+. This à Ã¢â‚¬ °+ frequency is a higher upshifted frequency of the fundamental pulse due to a Doppler effect produced from the relative motion of the laser field to the moving reflection point on the oscillating plasma surface. The actual reflected laser pulse will have a frequency of à Ã¢â‚¬ °++ due to a second Doppler upshift effect as it moves towards an observer/target. This is known as Einsteins relativistic Doppler effect, in which the reflected pulse frequency is upshifted by a factor of 4ÃŽÂ ³2**. Fig 4. Schematic of a relativistic oscillating critical density plasma interaction. From past research it has been found that from this mechanism a power-law decay scaling of I(n)ROMn-8/3 is dominant (where n is the harmonic order) in the harmonic spectrum for harmonic orders above the CWE cut-off point, nCWE,** this is the harmonic order related to the maximum plasma frequency of the target, à Ã¢â‚¬ °pmax, mentioned previously. Where: nCWE = nà Ã¢â‚¬ °max = à Ã¢â‚¬ °pmax/à Ã¢â‚¬ °l = In which; à Ã¢â‚¬ °l is the frequency of the laser, is the maximum electron density of the target, Nc is the critical density shown previously. From this process initial femtosecond pulses can be used to create attosecond pulses. When coupled to a relativistic oscillating mirror it adds an oscillatory extension to Einsteins relativistic Doppler effect, so due to the periodic motion of the mirror to the laser field and the double Doppler upshifts this results in the production of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) harmonics**. These ultra-short pulses have been the focus of much scientific research recently as they offer a promising way to resolve in the time domain the ultrafast dynamics of electrons within materials**. Although the relativistic oscillating mirror process is more suited as a macroscopic model for the effective reflection point of the laser field. It assumes that the surface electrons bunch together as the target is ionised and move out into the vacuum to form the plasma where they remain in the overdense region ensuring that the laser field is completely reflected. More recently studies have discovered there is another mechanism in the relativistic regime that can contribute to the harmonic spectrum via a different process entirely. CSE This other process is known as Coherent synchrotron emission (CSE)** and is needed to explain observations that do not fit the previous two models, in which dense electron nanobunches are created at the plasma-vacuum boundary where they produce coherent XUV radiation through coherent synchrotron emission. This is a microscopic model of HHG in laser-solid interactions. It models the electrons in the plasma moving, in dense bunches, under the influence of the incident laser field and subsequent fields produced from the movement of charges within the plasma. These nanobunches are periodically formed and coherently accelerated through an instantaneously synchrotron-like orbit during each laser cycle, for oblique laser incidences. As certain conditions, such as ultrashort plasma density scale length, are met these bunches emit bursts of sub-femtosecond intense high-frequency radiation. This radiation has properties dependent on the electron trajectories and it has been shown that it can b e modelled as synchrotron radiation**, therefore the coherent XUV emissions are distinctly different from that produced in ROM from relativistic Doppler upshifts. In reality actual electron dynamics may be a mix of CSE and ROM, but due to the complex nature of the changing fields within a plasma it makes it impossible to analytically model with accuracy. Therefore requiring the use of computer simulations to deal with the electron trajectories and their respective radiation emissions. PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTS Based on the work of Edwards et al, 2014, in which the study of attosecond XUV pulse generation from relativistic driven overdense plasma targets with two-colour incident light was performed they used 1D, three velocity, particle-in-cell (PIC) code simulations, which treat oblique incidence with boosted frames, to show how pulse intensity can be improved. They converted a small amount (~5%) of the fundamental laser field energy to an additional laser operating at the second harmonic of the fundamental frequency, to significantly enhance the intensity of the generated attosecond pulses by multiple orders of magnitude. This was based on previous work in which mixing of the fundamental driving laser frequency with the second harmonic was performed on laser-gas interactions to increase the attosecond pulse intensity and isolation (K. J. Schafer et al, 1992). Edwards demonstrated that a significant improvement was also possible through this mixing method in laser-solid interactions following the Similarity theory (proposed by Gordienko and Pukhov,**), that suggests the behaviour of laser-plasma interactions follow a similarity parameter of: 1/S = a0/N à Ã¢â‚¬ °l Where S = ne/a0nc, is a similarity parameter and N = ne/nc which is the ratio of electron density of the plasma to its critical density. Therefore from this it would appear that by doubling à Ã¢â‚¬ °l while using the same laser field amplitude the reflected attosecond pulse intensity would also be increase by a factor of two. One of the main limiting parameters in these experiments is the achievable value of a0, while the largest solid material value of N (lithium at ÃŽÂ »=800nm) is 75, so this type of frequency doubling appears to be a promising pathway to optimising attosecond pulse intensity, although a drawback of this is the negative effect it has on the isolation of the reflected pulses. Therefore they stated that a two-colour method, of partially converting a portion of the fundamental laser field energy to the second harmonic, would be a more attractive alternative. Through this process the advantages of using a higher incident frequency, by increasing the gradient of the electric field at certain points within the pulse generation cycle, without the related decrease in pulse isolation and loss of energy associated to simple frequency doubling can be exploited. In their study they used a normal-incidence beam on a step-like plasma density profile using a mix of the first and second harmonic with a phase difference of to produce harmonics with a higher intensity than either incident field individually. They demonstrate substantial gains after the addition of a small amount of the second harmonic to achieve attosecond pulse enhancement of factors >10. As well as a 10-fold enhancement when using density gradients of 0.05ÃŽÂ » and 0.15ÃŽÂ » with conversions of the fundamental to the second harmonic of 5%-10% at an angle of incidence of à Ã‚ ´=30o. Therefore Edwards was able to go on and state that the relative phase of the two incident harmonics were a critical factor in the improvement in attosecond pulse intensity. This is due to the difference in the driving electric field waveform and corresponding resultant electron motion as is varied. Where they linked the strongest attosecond pulse intensities with sharp transitions in the driving electric field that are aided by the addition of the second harmonic at optimum phases, while phases that break the driving field transition reduce the attosecond intensities to levels sometimes substantially below what could be achieved pre-mixing of the harmonics. Therefore when harmonics are combined without thought to their phases they do not always improve the attosecond strength. Further detail into the trajectories of dense electron bunches, which emit synchrotron like radiation (CSE) was given to help explain this effect, where supressed pulse electrons were shown to follow a longer and slower motion before being accelerated and subsequently emitting, resulting in longer elongated trajectories. Whereas electrons that contribute to the improvement of the attosecond pulse strength are shown to experience a larger field before and during emission. This meant their velocity and acceleration components were larger than the suppressed electrons, giving them more energy as it is driven back into the plasma. Overall they state that the larger the electric field experienced by the electrons increases the intensity of the reflected attosecond pulse, due to the number of electrons travelling in a dense bunch increasing as this larger field that the electrons near the surface experience compresses them into higher density bunches. Another study performed by Yeung et al, 2016, focused on controlling the attosecond motion of strongly driven electrons at the boundary between the pre-formed plasma and the vacuum. They demonstrated experimentally that by precisely adding an additional laser field, at the second harmonic of the fundamental driving frequency, attosecond control over the trajectories of the dense electron bunches involved in intense laser-plasma interactions can be achieved. From this considerable improvements in the high-harmonic generation intensity was observed, which confirms the theoretical work by Edwards in two-colour fields reviewed previously while developing upon this to further factors. Experimentally they showed that attosecond control over the phase relationship of the two driving fields is necessary to optimise the reflected attosecond pulse intensity. While also using PIC simulations to determine the optimal and worst phase relationships, in which a phase of was found to optimise the emission. Microscopic focus determined that during each cycle the emission of the attosecond pulse begins as a primary electron bunch which is compressed and then quickly accelerated away from the surface up to relativistic velocities, from here it emits before it disperses and returns back to the plasma. Secondary bunches are also present but these were found not to have a significant effect harmonic spectrum for orders >20. These bunches were found to emit when their velocities where at their max, which confirmed that the two-colour field phase matched the emitted XUV to the acceleration produced from the fundamental laser field. While at the poorest phase relationship, which Yeung found to be , a plateau in the driving laser field is created which impedes the acceleration of the electrons from the surface, therefore reducing the density of the electron bunch produced that can emit. They concluded from the data provided by the simulations that control of the relative phase of the two colour driving fields has a significant effect the electron bunch dynamics. While from the experimental data their collected it was demonstrated that the HHG produced from the two-colour field was increased substantially when no laser pre-pulse was involved, or equivalently when the plasma has shorter density scale length. Confirming the work of Edwards et al, 2014, that two-colour fields generate significantly more higher-harmonic orders than that of a fundamental field alone, even when only a small percentage (5%-10%) of the fundamental laser energy is converted to the second harmonic. INTRODUCTION TO TWO-COLOUR HARMONICS - ABSTRACT BRIEF SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENT, RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 1x INTRODUCTION BRIEF HISTORY .5x HHG PRODUCTION .5x CWE 1x ROM 2x (inc. plasma theory e.g. scale length) CSE 1x COMPARISON WITH GAS EXPERIMENTS 1x PAST EXPERIMENTS LEADING UP TO THIS ONE 2x INTRODUCTION INTO SPECIFICS OF THIS EXPERIMENT 1x METHOD PIC CODES EXPLAINED 2x EPOCH DETAILS 1x LASER DETAILS 1x PROCESS OF ANALYSIS .5x CREATION OF GRAPHS .5x RESULTS GRAPHS COMPARE CONTRAST IMPLICATIONS CONCLUSION FURUTRE RESEARCH 1x IMPROVEMENTS 1x